Answer my questions that i will attached Assignment - 1

Answer my questions that i will attached - Assignment Example This position of control is not a productive one – it â€Å"guarantees the owner a part in the process of production† (Marglin, 1974: 62) and ensures that the owner can accumulate wealth. Secondly, the factory system, Landes summarizes Marglin, was a disciplinary system only geared toward discipline, control and supervision of workers. Marglin goes further to argue that this was the primary focus of the factory: to ensure the power of the capitalist, rather than to maximize the economic or technological efficiency of the production process (Marglin, 1974: 84). To some degree, the arguments Marglin presents do present an approach diametrically opposed to those of Landes, and indeed seem to be largely ideological in their aim. He claims, for example, that factory work is necessarily alienating, because the producer must take orders from the capitalist in the factory system (ibid. at: 61). This alienation of the producer form his work also fits into the traditional social hierarchies of society, ensuring that only a â€Å"very few at the top of the pyramid† (ibid. at: 60) are able to attain self-expression in their work. Additionally, Marglin equates the wage-advance system to a kind of diabolical plan. The capitalist binds the worker legally to his â€Å"master† (ibid. ... He quotes particularly the work of Adam Smith, â€Å"The Wealth of Nations† in his argument to support reasons contrasting those of Marglin to explain the development of division of labor through specialization and the development of the factory system. Specialization may have been a necessity to ensure that the worker increased dexterity and efficiency in the execution of the job. Time was saved, as the producer would not have to set up the process, or re-set up the new task. With simplified tasks, the worker’s techniques could improve, to increase the efficiency of production (Landes, 1986: 587, 591). This argument is extended to explain the surge in new industrial invention: the repetitive tasks workers were completing suggested the invention of machines able to perform the same tasks. In factory setups, cheaper labor could be hired to perform more menial tasks, machines could supplement output and perform repetitive task, and the capitalist would benefit because the specialized worker’s output would consequently be greater (ibid. at: 604). The advantage for producers was that they would not have the energy, materials, space, tools and machinery or security and environmental costs related to industrial production (ibid. at: 604). The producer was also able to focus time and energy on the product manufacture only (ibid. at: 597, 598, and 604). It is evident, hence, that Landes proposes that the capitalist is integral to the process of production, not just an accumulative figure unrelated to the production process (ibid. at: 585). The employer organizes the process toward the production of a marketable product, ensures the sale and distribution of that product, and provides conditions – factory space,

Survivors' reactions to organizational downsizing Essay

Survivors' reactions to organizational downsizing - Essay Example Each organizational downsizing event could result to predictable outcomes in terms of having similar issues related to the feelings of betrayal, loss of trust in the management of the company, and experiencing internal conflicts between the corporate management and employees in line with retaining and losing their job. (Strom, 2008) As a result, the lack of organizational commitment among the stakeholders of the company becomes a major problem that top management needs to solve. For this study, the researcher will first discuss the theory and concept behind the organizational downsizing. Aiming to address whether the implementation of organizational downsizing could create a positive impact to the business, the researcher will discuss the possible effects of implementing organizational downsizing in terms of the long-term profitability of the firms and employee performance. Prior to the conclusion, the researcher will discuss the proper handling of ‘resistance to change’ particularly on the affected employees. organization’s conscious use of permanent personnel reductions in order to improve its efficiency and/or effectiveness.† In other words, the main idea of an organizational downsizing is intentionally and permanently reduces the number of employees within a business organization. (Budros, 1999; McKinley et al., 1995; Mishra and Mishra, 1994) Organizational downsizing is related to the increase in the managers’ compensation in terms of having a positive growth in sales. (Jensen, 1986; Murphy, 1985) This strategy could enable the company to eliminate unnecessary levels needed to enhance the overall effeciency required to keep the business competitive in the markets. (Koretz, 1997; McKinley et al., 1995; Bryne, 1994) Basically, cutting down the operational cost by reducing the size of the work force could increase the profitability of the

Risk and Joint Ventures: Questions and Answers

Risk and Joint Ventures: Questions and Answers Table of Contents (Jump to) There are four types of international risks. Namely (a) Cross-cultural risk; (b) Country risk; (c) Currency risk and (d) commercial risk. Briefly describe each these risks. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of a joint-venture or strategic partnership. Why is air transportation and air express so widely used in exporting when ocean transportation is much cheaper? Entering a new market through licensing is generally the best strategy because market potentials can be tested with little or no investment. Comment. Briefly explain why has international trade in agricultural products been expanding at a slower rate than exports of manufacturing goods? A multinational firm needs to have complete control over its subsidiaries in order to make optimum use of its resources and compete most effectively. Comment. References There are four types of international risks. Namely (a) Cross-cultural risk; (b) Country risk; (c) Currency risk and (d) commercial risk. Briefly describe each these risks. Cross cultural risk: Cross cultural risk identifies the risk of adjustment of different two cultures. In international business sectors most of the time mangers send their skilled and intelligent employees to the foreign sectors so that they can play a vital role in the business purpose. But sometimes employees as well as manager fail to understand the local need and demand through their cultural pattern (Moore, 1983). Then they cannot adjust with their foreign environment. They may find food dissimilarity, life style problem and many others think. Country risk: Country risk is a term which is used to define the probable risk of investing in foreign country. In the field of international or global marketing company has to invest a lot of money in the foreign country. But some time the government or local people may go against the company. So in consequences the company has to scarify their profit or even investment. Mass riot or social and economical unrest of the country bring enormous loss. Currency risk: Currency risk is also popularly known as foreign exchange risk. In the sector of international marketing a fixed price is always set by the two sectors to import or export. But due to natural disasters and international pressure this fixed priced can be highly modified. So one of the two sides has to carry the loss. Domestic inflation and economic unrest will affect this sector badly. Commercial risk: Commercial risk is the uncertainty or the probability of the return of the investment in the foreign country. In the field of international business all companies forecast their probable rate of return or the profit so they can understand their future in the market (Pearson, 1987). But duo to political unrest, change in the consumers living stander and the modification of the government regulation may affect it badly. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of a joint-venture or strategic partnership. Advantage of the joint venture Joint venture is the recent innovative and effective way of get together of two companies. It provides a lot of facilities to both sides that’s why the number of joint venture companies is increasing day by day. It offers both company to use their innovation and technological advancement. It also provides opportunity to use others regional market place. So the number of consumers will increase. As innovative ideas are bring out more in this sectors proficiency can be achieved through new technological improvement (Hall, 1984). The joint venture helps both companies to use greater natural resources, and more expert employees. That will surely increase their production amount. It also offers to their partners to share their mutual risk. Another important advantage is being elastic in the market place.Any company can act to their consumers quickly and thoroughly through joint venture. Joint venture also helps to understand the new market quickly and easily. Disadvantage of joint venture: Some demerits are also associated with the joint venture production. It is very hard and nearly impossible to find a suitable partner for the joint venture. It takes too many time and efforts to find appropriate joint venture partner. Behind reasons of this problem may be a lot. Unclear aims of the joint venture section may be the first reason. Then all parties may not be interested to the aim. The aims of the joint venture have to be very corresponding otherwise no one will show interest. Disparity of the resources and the imbalance of the technological advancement are also effective reasons not to be a part of joint venture (Paakkunainen, 1992). Dissimilarity and the poor administration system also pave the discouragement of joint venture. Lack of thorough research and poor maintenance system are also responsible for this. Why is air transportation and air express so widely used in exporting when ocean transportation is much cheaper? Transportation is the biggest part of modern international business sectors. Quick response, cheap cost and the arrival power of remote area are the crucial factors of transportation sectors. Considering all other system it can be easily said air transportation system is used regularly and increasingly. The reasons behind this are many. Quick response is the most important and effective criterion in this sectors. All medical equipments and medicine are mostly transported through air express because of their call to reach necessity. Another important factor is remote area reaching power (Puffer, 1941). All electronic and perishable goods are transported by air express. It also carries the products time value and necessity. For quick response the customer can get the latest product and service so they prefer the new one rather than old one. So to grab new growing market most of the retailers like air express. So for fragile and luxury product air express is must. On the other hand sea transportations are cheap but so time consuming. And product like daily commodities and unnecessary product are transported through sea transportation. It takes three to four days for delivering some products on the other hand air express will take few hours to reach the place. Bad and unpredictable weather is another reason of decreasing s the use of sea transportation. Recently the pirates’ problem has increased in an alarming rate so merchandisers like air express over sea transportation (Bailey, 2009). It is very hard to trace the delivery in sea transportation which is another reason of discouraging sea shipment. Entering a new market through licensing is generally the best strategy because market potentials can be tested with little or no investment. Comment. Licensing is a widely used term in the field of international marketing. Specifically licensing is the process of granting application or permitting other party to use own intellectual property like logo, trademark, motto and some other brand name. The party who granted permission to use is called licensor and the other party who get the permission of using this property is known as licensee. Actually licensing is a good term for the new comer in the business sectors. Very few people trust the new comer in the international business sectors. So it is so tough for them to stay on business.Moreover new environment and new customers’ attitude take a tough test from the new comer (Sherman, 1999). So to explore the full recourse of the local environment and become popular in entering position licensing is the best process. Another important and crucial help to company is to pave the pipe to do business with readymade customer and with their trust.Licensing also helps his partner by proving the free advertising which can be very costly and ineffective. So automatically they will get new and potential customer to serve and get reputation. So all the way licensing provide critical facilities like present and future customer, free adverting and market goodwill with little or without any money cost. Briefly explain why has international trade in agricultural products been expanding at a slower rate than exports of manufacturing goods? In modern business sectors all products and services are included in international marketing. They can be divided in two categories. First may be agricultural products and the second can be manufacturing products. But comparing with manufacturing products, agricultural products are exported in a minimal rate. The main reasons behind this are the customers living pattern. Mainly agricultural products are the main base of their livelihood. They cannot easily change it. Or they are not interested to change it. So all their necessary livelihood things are produced by ones native country (Foley, 1999). And they are produced in a high amount. So they don’t need to import them from other country. And another reason of slow export ratio is that the agricultural products are not so suitable to store for a long transportation without using comical which is highly unhygienic for health. So no country wants to depend on others about their main agricultural food. They try to produce them a ll by themselves. Another reason may be profitable side. Agricultural products may not be so profitable for the exporter. It cost a lot to produce but the cost is nearly similar to the entire county throughout the world. Agricultural products take long time to be produced and need more space. On the other hand manufacturing products provide the competitive advantage to the manufacturer. They can be produced a lot if amount in short time by dent of improved technology. That can be produced after the export order and it take short time to deliver. They can be stored for a long time. And also their transportation facility is easy (Paul, 2008). So considering all those factors the manufacturing products get higher priority to export. A multinational firm needs to have complete control over its subsidiaries in order to make optimum use of its resources and compete most effectively. Comment. Multinational corporations (MNCs) are corporations found in one country but activate throughout the world with permanent amenities and workers in numerous countryside. A few types of multinational companies are Industrial corporations that produce goods and sell them in a variety of countries for example cars, electronics. So the main company is called parent company and the host company is called subsidiary company. Main company holds the authority to negotiate and implement power and the subsidiaries are bound to follow the rules. At the same time the subsidiaries company have to able to amplify their capability. But it is so important that parent company have to have full control over Subseries Company. Otherwise subsidiary companies will loss the power to produce the best. The host companies have to follow the host nation’s regulation and the profitability of the parents companies. So the full control over Subsidiaries Company will provide enough power to negotiate the hos t government. And some time the host country try to lure the parents company’s investment and authority so proper control over host help to stop this. Some time parent companies have to cut the extra staff and operating cost to maximize profitability. So without enough power no one can do it. And to explore the employees most talent and to train them the parent company need such power. (Tsurumi, 1977). So the parent companies always try to explore the best of the host country. They can use the natural resources best and can meet the all customers demand in a favorable way. References Bailey, G. (2009). Sea transportation. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens Pub. Foley, J. (1999). The global entrepreneur. Chicago, IL: Dearborn. Hall, R. (1984). The international joint venture. New York: Praeger. Moore, P. (1983). The business of risk. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press. Paakkunainen, U. (1992). Joint venture decision. Helsinki: Helsingin Kauppakorkeakoulun Kuvalaitos. Paul, J. and Aserkar, R. (2008). Export import management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pearson, C. (1987). Multinational corporations, environment, and the Third World. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Puffer, C. (1941). Air transportation. Philadelphia: Blakiston Co. Sherman, A. (1999). Franchising licensing. New York: AMACOM. Tsurumi, Y. and Graham, E. (1977). Multinational management. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Pub. Co.

morgan horses :: essays research papers

Justin Morgan was a living legend. Born in 1789, Justin Morgan started life as a small, rough-coated colt known as "Figure." Gradually, the local population began to talk about the feats of "the Justin Morgan horse". Justin Morgan also proved to be one of the greatest breeding horses of all time. While most breeds develop by breeding horses of similar characteristics to each other, Justin Morgan's ability to pass his characteristics to his offspring for generations to come allowed this single stallion to found an entire breed in his likeness. Today, every registered Morgan traces back to Justin Morgan through his best-known sons Bulrush, Sherman, and Woodbury. As America grew so did the feats of the Morgan. During the Civil War, Morgans served as cavalry mounts and artillery horses. A cavalryman was only as good as his horse and the Morgan is mentioned in many sources as a highly desired horse during the Civil War. The First Vermont Cavalry, mounted entirely on Morgans, gained a wide spread reputation as a fighting unit. The first Morgan Horse Register was published in 1894. In the Civil War, the famed Vermont Cavalry was mounted on Morgan horses. Not only did the Union's General Sheridan ride his Morgan Rienzi, Stonewall Jackson rode his Morgan, 'Little Sorrel,' for the Confederacy as well! In the Indian Wars, the only survivor in the Battle of the little Big Horn was Keogh's Morgan-bred horse Comanche. Crosses to the fastest Morgan blood produced the great speed of today’s racing Standard breds. The foundation sire of the Tennessee Walking horse, Allen F-1, was a grandson of the Morgan stallion Bradford's Telegraph. The oldest of all American breeds the Morgan was strong enough to contribute greatly to almost every other American light horse breed while retaining its own identity across two centuries. In barns and show rings across the country, the Morgan show horses flash by with heads high, eyes bright, and nostrils wide - Morgan quality showing in every hair on their gleaming, muscular bodies. The Morgan legend has also spread around the world. Morgans worked along side their owners clearing fields and forests. By locating second, third, and fourth generation descendants of the original Morgan horse, they established the foundations of the breed. The majority of Morgans, however, did their daily work willingly and efficiently. They were highly regarded as general-purpose horses capable of performing a wide variety of tasks.

Process and Outcome Evaluations

A Process Evaluation has three main components, which are program planning and development, program interventions, and database management system. These three main components are used to achieve these aims, describe program interventions’ development, implementation, and activities, provide quantitative and qualitative data on the services delivered and their effectiveness, and document the appropriateness and acceptability of the program within the target community. The Process Evaluation will answer the question â€Å"did you do what you said you were going to do?† (Yuen, ., & Terao, 2003). Examples of Process Evaluations are:1.The teacher takes attendance each day to find out which students are missing too much class. 2.Over the Christmas holiday the truck group Straight Six Mafia collected 13 boxes of food for the local food bank and $300 in donations for Labor of Love, by holding a truck show. 3.WIC employees pass out brochures containing information where its clie nts may receive other services. Outcome Evaluations are used to look at how effective the interventions are. Data before the intervention and after are collected and compared to yield this information. It assess the outcomes/effectiveness of the programs activities and the impacts the program has on the target population. This evaluation answers the questions â€Å"What benefits did the recipients of service obtain?† and â€Å"How well did you do?† (Yuen, ., & Terao, 2003). Examples of Outcome Evaluations are:1.Workforce Services asks that their clients complete a short interview/survey to see how their experience was and if their needs are being met. 2.Columbus Community Center compared the amount of services it provided last year to this year after they received the new grant to improve the employment program. 3.Career Step contacts alumni students to see if their programs help them receive permanent employment. Process and Outcome Evaluations A Process Evaluation has three main components, which are program planning and development, program interventions, and database management system. These three main components are used to achieve these aims, describe program interventions’ development, implementation, and activities, provide quantitative and qualitative data on the services delivered and their effectiveness, and document the appropriateness and acceptability of the program within the target community. The Process Evaluation will answer the question â€Å"did you do what you said you were going to do?† (Yuen, ., & Terao, 2003). Examples of Process Evaluations are:1.The teacher takes attendance each day to find out which students are missing too much class.2.Over the Christmas holiday the truck group Straight Six Mafia collected 13 boxes of food for the local food bank and $300 in donations for Labor of Love, by holding a truck show.3.WIC employees pass out brochures containing information where its client s may receive other services. Outcome Evaluations are used to look at how effective the interventions are. Data before the intervention and after are collected and compared to yield this information. It assess the outcomes/effectiveness of the programs activities and the impacts the program has on the target population. This evaluation answers the questions â€Å"What benefits did the recipients of service obtain?† and â€Å"How well did you do?† (Yuen, ., & Terao, 2003). Examples of Outcome Evaluations are:1.Workforce Services asks that their clients complete a short interview/survey to see how their experience was and if their needs are being met.2.Columbus Community Center compared the amount of services it provided last year to this year after they received the new grant to improve the employment program.3.Career Step contacts alumni students to see if their programs help them receive permanent employment.

Made in china

I have never really been one for politics and economics.   Being neither a politician nor an economist, I have never really understood the mechanics of all these deals.   I have always felt that these things are better left to the experts.   Be that as it may, however, the effects and ramifications of all these economic negotiations and deals have invaded into my personal life.   I never expected it to happen but during a recent camping trip of mine I found out just what the trade relations between the United States and China really means in the life of everyday people. It started on a nice and sunny day in the middle of spring.   I was looking forward to the annual camping trip that I and my friends went to.   While we believed in roughing it, we also believed in living with a few luxuries that civilization had made us accustomed to.   In the spirit of â€Å"roughing† it, we had set a limit as to how much we could spend on the items that we were to bring on the trip.   The budget per person was around US $200.   We figured that by setting a cap spending limit we would stick to the bare necessities and experience what it was like to really enjoy camping. In hindsight, I realize that the budget of US $200 that we had set was pretty lean, to say the least.   We had to do away with the usual items that we were used to buying such as portable television sets and the like.   Yet, as we entered the camping goods store, we noticed something different.   There were now so many other cheap goods on sale in the store.   Needless to say, since we had a limited budget, we were overjoyed to realize that we could now splurge on a few more â€Å"essential† items for our camping trip. At the check out counter, we had purchased so many other extra goods.   Aside from the basics such as a tent, flashlight, lamp, sleeping bag and disposable dinner ware, we had also purchased a portable television set, radio speakers and electric generator. As anyone would have guessed, these additional luxury items were made in China.   We never expected that we could buy all these things at a fraction of the price that the same American goods were sold.   In fact, the thing that surprised us the most was the proliferation of these goods into almost every camping goods store in the vicinity. The real lesson on the impact of the United States and China trade relationship was not to be experienced until the camping trip itself. The first few minutes of the trip were relatively uneventful.   We unpacked the items and assigned members to handle the setting up of the various items such as the generator and the tents.   As soon as the basics were set up, we decided to give our new gadgets a go, so to speak.   The first item to screw up was the portable television.   After several minutes of trying to find the right signal, the television set decided that it was also a toaster and it began to emit smoke from the rear panel.   It was not long before the sparks started to fly. Much to ours surprise, the radio speakers soon followed suit, dangerously close to the sleeping bags.   Like clockwork, the generator also followed suit and soon all our made in China goods were either smoking or ablaze. We were left with none of the luxuries that we wanted and only the basic goods that we required for our camping trip.   While a few embers had fallen on the sleeping bags and the tents, they were left relatively un-singed.   The relatively expensive goods by comparison that were made in the United States lasted while the cheap goods from China had broken down even before we had begun to use them. It was that moment that I realized what was really going on in the United States and China trade relationship from an economic and political point of view.   The influx of cheap Chinese goods was a result of the open trade relations that allowed these goods to enter.   The expanded distribution was caused by the relatively low prices that these goods had. I also realized that these things were necessary because trade relations pretty much govern the political relations that countries have with each other.   In order for the United States to tap into the market of China, certain concession had to be made such as allowing trade reciprocity.   The cost of such deals, however, can really be experienced by the normal people such as me.   As the law of supply and demand shows, cheaper is not really better and quality comes at a price.   This I